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There are 17 elements that are known to be essential for plant growth and development. Fertilizers (also called plant food elements) are materials produced to supply these elements in a readily available form for plant use. 17个基本要素中的3个, 碳, 氢和氧, 主要是从空气和水中获取的吗. 氧和氢是植物从水中获得的. Carbon and hydrogen are taken in by the leaves from the air. The other 14 elements utilized by the plant must come from the soil or from added fertilizer materials. (氮, 磷, 钾, 硫, 锌, 铁, 硼, 镁, 锰, 钼, 铜, 钙, 氯, (镍)作物去除这些元素, 加上浸出, volatilization and erosion causes the soil fertility to be continually reduced. 植物的颜色会变差(黄绿色到黄色), poor plant density allowing weed invasion and low plant vigor which increases plants susceptibilities to disease and insect damage. 管理得当可以保持土壤生产力, 定期施用多元素肥料.

For plants, macronutrients are essential for growth and overall plant stability. The primary macronutrients are Nitrogen (N), 磷 (P), and 钾 (K). 氮是植物发育所必需的, since it plays a fundamental role in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. 磷参与根的生长. 钾 is involved in the regulation of water and the transport of the plant's reserve substances.

Secondary nutrients are those that are still necessary for plant growth- 钙 (Ca), 镁(毫克), and 硫 (S) - just in smaller amounts than macronutrients.

Though micronutrients don’t make the same immediate impact to plant health as the macro and secondary nutrients, they are a key to achieve full balanced nutrition for plants. 植物可能只需要少量的微量营养素, but a deficiency in the soil can still make a big difference in yield and overall plant health. 这些物质包括硼(B), 锌(锌), 铁(Fe), 铜(铜), 锰(Mn), 钼(Mo), 氯(Cl).